Confirmation Hearing for SEC Chair Nominee Atkins — Takeaways for Fund Managers
The Senate Banking Committee convened on Thursday to consider the nomination of Paul Atkins, President Trump’s nominee for Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission, along with the nominees for the Comptroller of the Currency, the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and the Department of Transportation.
Atkins, a former SEC Commissioner, shared his views on the current regulatory landscape, contending that today’s environment stifles capital formation and indicating a pivot from the SEC’s recent emphasis on aggressive enforcement. Overall, nothing occurred at the hearing that would change the expectation that Atkins will be confirmed. Currently, the SEC only has three members, meaning the Democratic Commissioner in theory could effectively have veto power over actions requiring a vote of the SEC because she can deny a quorum for any action she strongly opposes; if Atkins is confirmed, the Republican majority would no longer need the Democratic Commissioner, so it will be able to begin with formal rulemaking steps.
Key takeaways for fund managers from Atkins’ testimony are below.
Position on Private Funds
Surprisingly, Atkins faced relatively few questions about private funds. Nonetheless, in responding to questions, he noted that investors in private funds are typically sophisticated and have sufficient resources to hire advisers. In response to a question from a Democratic member of the Committee, he conceded that retail investors in registered funds benefit from additional investor protections, such as diversification rules. Atkins confirmed that the SEC would continue to enforce penalties against firms that mislead investors, but he drew a distinction between accredited investors—who he said have the sophistication and means to fend for themselves—and registered fund investors, possibly indicating a less restrictive or more principles-based regulatory and enforcement framework for the private fund industry.
Focus on Disclosure Practices
Atkins expressed concerns about the inefficient disclosures that investors face, stating, “investors are flooded with disclosures that do the opposite of helping them understand the true risks of an investment.” At the same time, he stated that investors should be protected from incorrect or materially misleading private fund disclosures. While his testimony suggests that the SEC would continue scrutinizing firms’ marketing practices, this could signal a willingness to pare back rules that require voluminous disclosure that most investors do not read.
Digital Assets and Cryptocurrency
In his opening statement, Atkins signaled that digital assets and cryptocurrency will be a prominent focus if he is confirmed. He highlighted his experience developing best practices for the digital asset industry since 2017, pointing to what he views as ambiguous or outdated regulations that have led to market uncertainty and inhibited innovation. Atkins stated that a “firm regulatory foundation” for digital assets would be a top priority, emphasizing a “rational, coherent, and principled approach.” Consistent with the work that already has started under the Crypto Task Force, his comments suggest a more measured and predictable environment for market participants, which could foster greater institutional involvement and spur technological developments in the digital asset space. Consistent with his overarching views on regulation expressed throughout the hearing, Atkins stressed the importance of clear rules that encourage capital formation, which believes are critical as the SEC considers its role in overseeing rapidly evolving cryptocurrency markets.
Creating Efficiencies within the SEC
In response to questions regarding how he might work with the Department of Government Efficiency, Atkins indicated general support for seeking greater efficiency in the SEC’s operations. “If there are people who can help with creating efficiencies in the agency or otherwise, I would definitely work with them.” As has been reported elsewhere, more than 12% of the SEC has already taken a voluntary buyout; any further cuts as a result of involvement by DOGE could result in the SEC prioritizing certain types of investment adviser firms for focus from the Division of Examinations. While the SEC’s future staffing levels are not yet known, its future resource allocation is likely to be influenced by any priority given to protecting less sophisticated and less well-resourced investors.
Winding Back the Clock: CFTC Withdraws Controversial SEF Registration Staff Letter
The Division of Market Oversight (DMO) of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) has withdrawn its previous staff advisory letter on swap execution facility (SEF) registration requirements (Letter 21-19).
Published on March 13, CFTC’s staff letter 25-05 (Letter 25-05) withdrew Letter 21-19 due to DMO’s understanding that it “created regulatory uncertainty” regarding whether certain entities operating in the swaps markets were required to register as SEFs. Letter 21-19 was therefore withdrawn with immediate effect.
The withdrawal of Letter 21-19 has removed what was seen by many parts of the swaps industry as a problematic widening of the interpretation of SEF regulatory requirements, which was difficult to apply and raised more questions than it answered.
A Look Back at Letter 21-19 and SEF Registration Requirements
Letter 21-19 was published in September 2021 as a “reminder” for entities of the SEF registration requirements under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). The entities specifically in scope of the remainder were those: (1) facilitating trading or execution of swaps through one-to-many or bilateral communications; (2) facilitating trading or execution of swaps that are not subject to the trade execution requirement under the CEA; (3) providing non-electronic means for the execution of swaps; or (4) falling within the SEF definition and operated by an entity currently registered with the CFTC in some other capacity, such as a commodity trading advisor (CTA) or an introducing broker.
In relation to the first set of entities (i.e., facilities offering one-to-many or bilateral communications), the CEA defines a SEF as, in relevant part, “a trading system or platform in which multiple participants have the ability to execute or trade swaps by accepting bids and offers made by multiple participants in the facility or system.” Prior to Letter 21-19, the wider swaps industry had interpreted this as multiple-to-multiple trading; in other words, two or more market participants interacting with two or more other market participants to execute swaps. Letter 21-19 drastically increased the scope of such SEF requirement, however, by providing that the multiple-to-multiple trading requirement could be met even if (1) the platform only allows bilateral or one-to-one communications; and (2) multiple participants cannot simultaneously request, make, or accept bids and offers from multiple participants. DMO went on to express its view that a one-to-many system or request for quote (RFQ) system would satisfy the multiple-to-multiple requirement if more than one participant were able to submit an RFQ on the platform.
Letter 21-19 coincided with the CFTC’s settlement of an enforcement action with Symphony Communication Services, LLC (Symphony) for failure to register as a SEF. The CFTC found that Symphony had operated a multiple-to-multiple platform by operating a communications platform that allowed participants to send RFQ messages to multiple other market participants. Subsequently, the CFTC also relied on Letter 21-19 when it issued an order against Asset Risk Management, LLC, a registered CTA, for failing to register as a SEF.
What is the Cross-Border Impact
The potential relaxation of the SEF registration scope in the United States stands in contrast to similar regimes in the EU and the UK. The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) each published guidance in 2023, similar to Letter 21-19, which focused on the registration requirements for multilateral platforms. However, there are no signs that the EU or UK regulatory guidance will be amended. Technology service providers and trading venues may, therefore, wish to reconsider their cross-border service offerings in light of Letter 25-05 and the differing positions in the EU and UK.
Letter 21-19 is available here and Letter 25-05 is available here.
The Dealmaking Slowdown: A Time for Startups to Prepare
As the slowdown in dealmaking continues, both buyers and sellers are left to consider their options moving forward during this period of extreme uncertainty and market volatility. To put the current slowdown in perspective, EY had previously forecasted M&A activity to rise by 10% this year.[1] However, they recently adjusted that outlook, saying the M&A market entered a “watchful phase” in February of this year. Their data shows a downturn in the number and total value of deals of more than $100 million. The volume of those deals dropped by 5.9 percent YoY and 19.5 percent from just January of this year, and combined deal value also fell 53 percent YoY and 34 percent from January.
Whenever we see this kind of significant pause in dealmaking, buyers typically have the advantage, but not always. There are certain dynamics that can vary based on industry, the nature of the assets, and, of course, macroeconomic factors. Below, we look at the balance of power between buyers and sellers during a slowdown and how each side can best position themselves for success when conditions improve.
Who Has the Upper Hand?
Most of the time, the buyer is going to have the upper hand in this kind of situation. When there are fewer people willing to buy, those who are can often negotiate much more favorable terms. Buyers can also be highly selective, taking their time to conduct thorough due diligence on their targets and consider all options available. When the economy is in turmoil, it can also present an opportunity for buyers to target distressed or capital-constrained businesses.
While sellers are not usually in the driver’s seat when dealmaking is lagging, there are some opportunities for them to still have leverage. This is particularly true if they have an especially unique proposition or a high-performing and proven concept. There are also some areas that tend to be recession-proof or continue to grow despite contributing economic factors. Those startups who might have the best leverage are those who are not under pressure to sell as they can either wait until deal activity picks back up or negotiate more aggressively for more favorable terms.
What Can Sellers Do Now?
When it’s slow out there, sellers should make sure their fundamentals are solid. Focusing on cash flow and operational efficiencies can help to demonstrate a strong foundation to potential buyers, as well as looking at growth strategies that can move the business forward. It is also important for sellers to look at ways they can extend their runway. When mergers and acquisitions slow down, VC funding often follows suit. This means it is critical that startups ensure they have ample capital reserves to wait out the dealmaking doldrums until more favorable market conditions emerge.
Most importantly, sellers must remain consistently deal ready. The global economic and geopolitical factors that are contributing to this downturn are shifting rapidly, and that means that there could be an uptick in deal activity at any time as trade deals are struck, the markets stabilize, or conflicts and tensions are eased. While this will not happen overnight, founders should be ready to make a move when the timing and the buyer are right. Buyers will no doubt be using this time to do their diligence, so they are ready to move fast when conditions improve and look at the kinds of strategic investments that best fit their long-term goals. Founders would be wise to establish the kinds of connections today that will allow them to execute their exit plans once deals start flowing again.
[1] https://sgbonline.com/ey-ma-outlook-signals-cautious-us-deal-market/
Breaking News: SEC Withdraws Its Defense of Climate Disclosure Regulations
On March 27, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced that it will no longer defend Biden-era regulations requiring large corporations to disclose the impacts of climate change on their businesses. This announcement follows a vote by the SEC’s three-member governing body to end its defense of the rule and comes amid industry complaints that the rule was an overstep of the SEC’s authority.
Read the press release here.
This news follows significant shifts in the United States’ approach to climate change under the Trump Administration, including the deregulation of the US Environmental Protection Agency as discussed in our prior alert. The SEC’s acting chair described the climate disclosure mandates as “costly” and “unnecessarily intrusive.”
The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors (the Rule) was the first federal sustainability disclosure requirement in the United States and sought to inform investors by requiring registrants to provide information on greenhouse gas emissions, severe weather-related financial statement disclosures, and climate-related governance, targets, and risks disclosures. Among other mandates, the Rule required publicly traded companies to discuss climate-related risks that materially impacted, or were reasonably likely to materially impact, their companies when filing registration statements and annual reports.
However, the Rule never saw the light of day as it was quickly challenged and stayed following its adoption in March 2024, and has since been the subject of ongoing litigation consolidated in the Eighth Circuit.[1] In February, the SEC indicated its reluctance to defend the Rule before the Eighth Circuit, with the acting chairman calling it “deeply flawed.”
Though publicly traded companies will have less compliance burdens related to climate change as a result of the SEC’s decision, companies and investors alike should bear in mind the growing awareness of how climate impacts investment performance on a global level. In addition, the California climate disclosure laws (discussed here) and the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (though proposed to be pared back) will continue to drive disclosure of climate-related information for the time being.
Our team will continue to monitor developments and provide updates as they become available.
[1] Iowa v. Securities Exchange Commission, No. 24-1522 (8th Cir.)
Additional Authors: Jeffrey J. Kennedy and Maria Ortega Castro
SEC Whistleblower Reform Act Reintroduced in Congress
Last Wednesday, March 26, 2025, Senator Grassley (R-IA) and Senator Warren (D-MA) reintroduced the SEC Whistleblower Reform Act. First introduced in 2023, this bipartisan bill aims to restore anti-retaliation protections to whistleblowers who report their concerns within their companies. As upheavals at government agencies dominate the news cycle, whistleblowers might feel discouraged and hesitant about the risks of coming forward to report violations of federal law. This SEC Whistleblower Reform Act would expand protections for these individuals who speak up, and it would implement other changes to bolster the resoundingly successful SEC Whistleblower Program.
The SEC Whistleblower Incentive Program
The SEC Whistleblower Incentive Program (the “Program”) went into effect on July 21, 2010, with the adoption of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank”). The Program has since become an essential tool in the enforcement of securities laws. The program benefits the government, which collects fines from the companies found in violation of federal securities laws; consumers, who benefit from the improvements companies must make to ensure they refrain from, and stop, violating federal law; and the whistleblowers themselves, who can receive awards for the information and assistance they provide. Since its inception, the SEC Whistleblower Program has recouped over $6.3 billion in sanctions, and it has awarded $2.2 billion to 444 individual whistleblowers. In FY 2024 alone, the Commission awarded over $255 million to forty-seven individual whistleblowers.
Under the Program, an individual who voluntarily provides information to the SEC regarding violations of any securities laws that leads to a successful civil enforcement action that results in over $1 million in monetary sanctions is eligible to receive an award of 10–30% of the fines collected. Since the SEC started accepting tips under its whistleblower incentive program in 2010, apart from a dip in 2019, the number of tips submitted to the SEC has steadily increased. In Fiscal Year 2024, the SEC received more than 24,000 whistleblower tips, the most ever received in one year.
Restoring Protections for Internal Whistleblowers
While the SEC Whistleblower Program has been successful by any measure, in 2018, the Supreme Court significantly weakened the Program’s whistleblower protections in Digital Realty Trust v. Somers, 583 U.S. 149 (2018). The Court ruled in Digital Realty that the Dodd-Frank Act’s anti-retaliation protections do not apply to whistleblowers who only report their concerns about securities violations internally, but not directly to the SEC. The decision nullified one of the rules the SEC had adopted in implementing the Program. Because many whistleblowers first report their concerns to supervisors or through internal compliance reporting programs, this has been immensely consequential. The decision has denied a large swath of whistleblowers the protections and remedies of the Dodd-Frank Act, including double backpay, a six-year statute of limitations, and the ability to proceed directly to court.
The bipartisan SEC Whistleblower Reform Act, reintroduced by Senators Grassley and Warren on March 26, 2025, restores the Dodd-Frank Act’s anti-retaliation protections for internal whistleblowers. In particular, the Act expands the definition of “whistleblower” to include:
[A]ny individual who takes, or 2 or more individuals acting jointly who take, an action described . . . , that the individual or 2 or more individuals reasonably believe relates to a violation of any law, rule, or regulation subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission . . . .
. . .
(iv) in providing information regarding any conduct that the whistleblower reasonably believes constitutes a violation of any law, rule, or regulation subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission to—
(I) a person with supervisory authority over the whistleblower at the employer of the whistleblower, if that employer is an entity registered with, or required to be registered with, or otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of, the Commission . . . ; or
(II) another individual working for the employer described in subclause (I) who the whistleblower reasonably believes has the authority to—
(aa) investigate, discover, or terminate the misconduct; or
(bb) take any other action to address the misconduct.
With these changes to the definition of a “whistleblower,” the Act would codify the Program’s anti-retaliation protections for an employee who blows the whistle by reporting only to their employer, and not also to the SEC. Notably, the Act would apply not only to claims filed after the date of enactment, but also to all claims pending in any judicial or administrative forum as of the date of the enactment.
Ending Pre-Dispute Arbitration Agreements for Dodd-Frank Retaliation Claims
Additionally, the SEC Whistleblower Reform Act would render unenforceable any pre-dispute arbitration agreement or any other agreement or condition of employment that waives any rights or remedies provided by the Act and clarifies that claims under the Act are not arbitrable. In other words, retaliation claims under the Dodd-Frank Act must be brought before a court of law and may not be arbitrated, even if an employee signed an arbitration agreement. This would bring Dodd-Frank Act claims into alignment with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), another anti-retaliation protection often applicable to corporate whistleblowers. While the Dodd-Frank Act eliminated pre-dispute arbitration agreements for SOX claims, it included no such arbitration ban for Dodd-Frank claims. As a result, two claims arising from the same underlying conduct often need to be brought in separate forums—arbitration for Dodd-Frank and court for SOX—or an employee must choose between the two remedies.
Reducing Delays in the Program
The SEC Whistleblower Reform Act would also benefit whistleblowers by addressing the long delays that have plagued the Program, which firm partners Debra Katz and Michael Filoromo have urged the SEC to remedy and have written publicly on to raise awareness on this topic In particular, the Act sets deadlines by which the Commission must take certain steps in the whistleblowing process. The Act provides that:
(A)(i) . . . the Commission shall make an initial disposition with respect to a claim submitted by a whistleblower for an award under this section . . . not later than the later of—
(I) the date that is 1 year after the deadline established by the Commission, by rule, for the whistleblower to file the award claim; or
(II) the date that is 1 year after the final resolution of all litigation, including any appeals, concerning the covered action or related action.
These changes are important because SEC whistleblowers currently might expect to wait several years for an initial disposition by the SEC after submitting an award application, and years more for any appeals of the SEC’s decision to conclude. The Act’s amendments set clearer deadlines and expectations for the Commission and would speed up its disposition timeline—and the provision of awards to deserving whistleblowers.
While the Act does provide for exceptions to the new deadline requirements, including detailing the circumstances under which the Commission may extend the deadlines, the Act specifies that the initial extension may only be for 180 days. Any further extension beyond 180 days must meet specified requirements: the Director of the Division of Enforcement of the Commission must determine that “good cause exists” such that the Commission cannot reasonably meet the deadlines, and only then may the Director extend the deadline by one or more additional successive 180-day periods, “only after providing notice to and receiving approval from the Commission.” If such extensions are sought and received, the Act provides that the Director must provide the whistleblower written notification of such extensions.
Conclusion
The SEC Whistleblower Reform Act, which would reinstate anti-retaliation protections for whistleblowers and ensure that the Program runs more efficiently, would be a significant step forward for the enforcement of federal securities laws and for the whistleblowers who play a vital role in those efforts. The bipartisan introduction of the Act is a testament to the crucial nature of the Program.
SEC Ends Defense of Climate Disclosure Rules
In March of 2024, we reported on the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s adoption of a comprehensive set of rules governing climate-related disclosures. The rules would require public companies to disclose climate-related risks, including their impact on financial performance, operations, and strategies, along with greenhouse gas emissions data, governance structures and efforts to mitigate climate impacts. To no one’s surprise, the adopted rules were met with a flurry of court challenges from states and private parties, which led the SEC to issue a stay of the rules pending resolution of the litigation.
Also unsurprisingly, on March 27, 2025, the SEC, under the new administration, voted to end its defense of the climate-related disclosure rules in court. SEC Acting Chairman Mark T. Uyeda stated, “The goal of today’s Commission action and notification to the court is to cease the Commission’s involvement in the defense of the costly and unnecessarily intrusive climate change disclosure rules.”
The SEC’s decision to end its defense of the rules very likely means that companies will never be required to comply with the rules. Despite this decision, however, the rules will remain in effect until a court rules them invalid or the SEC rescinds them through the rulemaking process (although the stay remains in effect for now). For that reason, there is currently some uncertainty regarding the rules’ future, and we will continue to follow developments. But, in any case, given the SEC’s recent statements, it seems unlikely that the SEC and its staff would seek to enforce compliance with the rules while they remain in effect.
Although it probably is safe for public companies to assume that they do not need to continue planning for compliance with the climate-related disclosure rules adopted in 2024, companies should remember that climate-related disclosures may be required under other SEC rules and guidance and, in certain cases, climate disclosure requirements of states or non-US jurisdictions. In particular, the SEC’s 2010 guidance on climate-related disclosures remains in effect, requiring public companies to report the impact of climate change on their financial performance, operations, and risks, particularly when such factors are material. While it remains unclear to what extent the SEC under the current administration will enforce, or perhaps even revise, this guidance, companies would be well-advised to be consistent with their climate-related disclosures from period to period.
Additionally, companies may still be required to disclose climate-related risks and greenhouse gas emissions in other jurisdictions, such as California or the European Union, where climate-related disclosure rules are already in place. Other states are also considering similar regulations, potentially expanding the scope of companies subject to such disclosure requirements. Notwithstanding the SEC’s recent action, climate-related disclosures appear to be here to stay.
Recent NYSE and Nasdaq Regulatory Updates Regarding Reverse Stock Splits
Reverse stock split is a common corporate action taken by public companies to improve market perception, maintain compliance with certain stock exchange listing requirements or help keep stock prices at levels where certain investors can buy shares. Indeed, Hunton has recently assisted a number of clients with reverse stock splits in light of the market turmoil. Companies that are contemplating reverse stock splits should be reminded of the recent regulatory updates involving the use of reverse stock splits by companies listed on NYSE or Nasdaq.
Limitations on the Use of Reverse Stock Splits
Nasdaq
In October 2024, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) approved the proposed amendment to Nasdaq Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), submitted by Nasdaq in July 2024, which modifies the compliance periods for companies seeking to regain compliance with Nasdaq listing requirements in connection with reverse stock splits. Nasdaq rules generally require that a listed security maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 (the “Minimum Price Requirement”). Under the prior rules, if a Nasdaq-listed company’s stock price fails to meet the Minimum Price Requirement for 30 consecutive business days, the company would typically be granted an initial 180-day period to regain compliance (the “Initial Compliance Period”), often by doing a reverse stock split. However, a reverse stock split may cause the company to fall below the numeric threshold for another listing requirement (such as minimum number of publicly held shares) (a “Secondary Deficiency”). In the event of a Secondary Deficiency, under the prior rules, Nasdaq would notify the company about the new deficiency and the company could be granted an additional period of up to another 180 days to cure the deficiency and regain compliance (the “Additional Compliance Period”) if it satisfies certain conditions. Under the amended rules, however, companies will no longer be afforded the Additional Compliance Period. If a company effects a reverse stock split to regain compliance with the Minimum Price Requirement but the reverse stock split results in a Secondary Deficiency, the company will not be considered to have regained compliance with the Minimum Price Requirement. To avoid delisting, the company must, within the Initial Compliance Period, (i) cure the Secondary Deficiency and (ii) thereafter meet the Minimum Price Requirement for 10 consecutive business days.
In addition, the amended Nasdaq Rule 5810(3)(A) imposes limitations on how many times a company can effect reverse stock splits within a certain period of time. If a company’s stock fails to meet the Minimum Price Requirement but such company has (i) effected a reverse stock split over the prior one-year period or (ii) effected one or more reverse stock splits over the prior two-year period with a cumulative ratio of 250 shares or more to 1, then the company will not be eligible for any compliance period (including the Initial Compliance Period) to cure the price deficiency, but will be issued a listing determination instead.
NYSE
In January 2025, the SEC approved the proposed amendment to Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, submitted by the NYSE in September 2024 with subsequent amendments, which, similar to the amended Nasdaq rules, limits the circumstances under which NYSE-listed companies could use reverse stock splits to regain compliance with the price requirements for continued listings. The NYSE requires listed companies to maintain an average closing price of at least $1.00 over any consecutive 30-trading-day period (the “Price Criteria”). Under the prior rules, if a company’s stock fails to meet the Price Criteria, the NYSE will notify the company of its noncompliance; the company must, within 10 business days of receipt of the notification, notify the NYSE of its intent to cure the deficiency or be subject to suspension and delisting procedures. The company will then have a six-month period (the “Cure Period”) to regain compliance with the Price Criteria, typically by effecting a reverse stock split; the company will be deemed to have regained compliance if on the last trading day of any calendar month during the Cure Period, the company has a closing share price of at least $1.00 and an average closing share price of at least $1.00 over the 30-trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. Under the amended rules, however, if a company’s stock has failed to meet the Price Criteria and the company has (i) effected a reverse stock split over the prior one-year period or (ii) effected one or more reverse stock splits over the prior two-year period with a cumulative ratio of 200 shares or more to 1, then the company will not be eligible for the Cure Period; instead, the NYSE will immediately commence suspension and delisting procedures.
In addition, under the amended Section 802.01C, an NYSE-listed company who fails to comply with the Price Criteria will be prohibited from effecting any reverse stock split if doing so would result in the company falling below the continued listing requirements set forth under Section 802.01A, such as the number of publicly-held shares. If a company effects a reverse stock split notwithstanding the prohibition, the NYSE could immediately commence suspension and delisting procedures.
Halt of Trading in Stock Undergoing Reverse Stock Splits
In November 2023 and May 2024, the SEC approved the proposed amendments to Nasdaq and NYSE rules, respectively, which set forth specific requirements for halting and resuming trading in a security that is subject to a reverse stock split. The amended NYSE Rule 123D provides that the NYSE will halt trading in a security before the end of post-market trading on other markets (generally at 7:50 pm) on the day immediately before the market effective date of a reverse stock split. Trading in the security will resume with a Trading Halt Auction (as defined in NYSE Rule 7.35(a)(1)(B)) starting at 9:30 am, on the effective date of the reverse stock split. The NYSE believes that this halt and delayed opening “would give sufficient time for investors to review their orders and the quotes for the security and allow market participants to ensure that their systems have properly adjusted for the reverse stock split.”[1] Similarly, under the amended Nasdaq Rule 4120(a), Nasdaq generally expects to initiate the halt of trading at 7:50 pm,[2] prior to the close of post-market trading at 8 pm on the day immediately before the split in the security becomes effective, and resume trading at 9 am on the day the split is effective.
Other Considerations
Companies contemplating reverse stock splits should also note the advance notice requirements of NYSE and Nasdaq, currently requiring notification at least 10 calendar days in advance of the reverse stock split effectiveness date. The NYSE or Nasdaq may also request to review other documents (press release, amendment to the articles of incorporation, etc.) and companies should keep the representatives at the NYSE or Nasdaq engaged throughout the process so that their requests and questions will be addressed in a timely manner. We encourage companies to work closely with legal counsel to coordinate each step of a reverse stock split and ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations, which may be constantly changing.
[1] SEC Release No. 34-99974, April 17, 2024.
[2] SEC Release No. 34-98878, November 14, 2023.
The SEC Effectively Ends Climate Disclosure Requirements Under Trump Administration
On Thursday, March 27, 2025, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced via letter to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit that SEC attorneys would no longer defend its climate change disclosure rules. These disclosure obligations were established by the SEC’s “Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors” Rule, adopted by the Commission on March 6, 2024.
According to the SEC’s current acting chair, Mark Uyeda, the disclosure requirements are “costly and unnecessarily intrusive.”
Disclosure Rule Background
The Disclosure Rule targeted material risks that companies face related to climate change and how those companies are managing that risk. The Disclosure Rule required companies to disclose certain climate-related information in their registration statements and annual reports including:
Climate-related risks that have or may impact business strategy, results of operation, or financial condition;
Actions to mitigate or adapt to material climate-related risks;
Management’s role in assessing and managing material climate-related risks;
Processes used by the company to assess or manage these risks;
Any targets or goals that have materially affected or are likely to affect the company’s business; and
Financial statement effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions, including costs and losses.
Following multiple petitions seeking review of the final Rule, the SEC stayed the Disclosure Rule pending judicial review before the Eight Circuit. In February, Uyeda provided some indication that its position was changing when he directed staff to notify the court not to schedule the case for argument to provide the Commission time to deliberate and determine appropriate next steps. The reason cited for the notice was “changed circumstances.” As such, the March 27 announcement is not all that surprising.
Impact of SEC Announcement
While the SEC has not officially repealed the Disclosure Rule, by no longer defending the Rule, the SEC will allow the stay to continue indefinitely and/or allow the Eighth Circuit to remand the rule to the SEC. This sequence of events indeed creates “changed circumstances,” as it means the SEC will likely take no further action to effectuate a new Rule. As a result, the March 27, 2025, announcement by the SEC effectively terminates the Disclosure Rule.
What Does this Development Mean for You?
While the SEC’s announcement means that public companies operating in the United States are not required to make publicly available disclosures concerning greenhouse gas emissions and climate-change risks and impacts, the impact of this action may be quite limited in reality. Many U.S. companies already report climate-related risks voluntarily in response to investor demand and this action has done nothing to change the requirements imposed by individual states like California or elsewhere around the globe. And, despite this limited reprieve, companies should consider potential changes to SEC rules under future administrations. While the “pendulum” of regulatory focus has swung wide under the Trump administration, there is a strong possibility that there will be a reciprocal swing in the future. As a result, companies should consider maintaining documentation of climate-related risks and management strategies should a similar rule be promulgated.
These events are developing rapidly and will continue to move at a fast pace.
Involved With a Delaware Corporation? Three Major Changes to Know
On March 25, 2025, Delaware Governor Matt Meyer signed Senate Bill 21 into law, effecting significant changes to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (DGCL), the statutory law governing Delaware corporations. With over two-thirds of Fortune 500 companies domiciled in Delaware, it continues to be the preferred state of incorporation for businesses drawn to its modern statutory law, renowned Court of Chancery, and developed case law.
Consequently, below are three major takeaways for businesses incorporated in Delaware or individuals involved with a Delaware corporation—as a director, officer, or stockholder—here are three major takeaways:
1. Procedural Safe Harbor Cleansing Related Party Transactions
Under Delaware corporate law, related party transactions involving a fiduciary, such as where a director of a corporation stands on both sides of a transaction, are potentially subject to the entire fairness standard of review. This onerous standard of reviewing a fiduciary’s actions in certain conflicted transactions places the burden on the fiduciary to prove that the self-dealing transaction was fair—both in terms of the process (fair dealing) and substantive (fair price)—given corporate law theory that the fiduciary’s interests may not be aligned with maximizing stockholder value.
Senate Bill 21 establishes a safe harbor pursuant to Section 144 of DGCL for these conflicted transactions (other than take-private transactions) if the transaction is approved by either:
A majority of the disinterested members of the board or
A majority of the votes are cast by the disinterested stockholders—in each case, subject to certain additional requirements. Consequently, if transactional planners and corporations follow the new procedural safe harbor when entering certain related party transactions, they greatly minimize the likelihood of a successful challenge of any breach of fiduciary duty claim against the corporation’s board.
2. Limiting Who Qualifies as a Controlling Stockholder
Prior to the enactment of Senate Bill 21, whether a stockholder was a “controlling stockholder” and was therefore subject to certain rules under Delaware corporate law, was not set forth in DGCL. Rather, Delaware case law helped transactional planners to determine if a stockholder would be treated as such.
Senate Bill 21 codifies the definition of this term in Section 144 of DGCL. Under the revised Section 144, a “controlling stockholder” is a stockholder who:
Controls a majority in voting power of the outstanding stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors;
Has the right to control the election of directors who control the board; or
Has the functional equivalent of majority control by possessing at least one-third in stockholder voting power and power to exercise managerial authority over the business of the corporation. This update provides transactional planners and corporations with clear guidelines over who qualifies as a controlling stockholder.
3. Narrowing Stockholder Information Rights
Over the past years, many Delaware corporations have been subject to an increasing number of “Section 220 demands” and related litigation that is often expensive for corporations to handle. Section 220 of DGCL provides stockholders with a statutory right to inspect a corporation’s books and records if the stockholder satisfies certain requirements.
Senate Bill 21 amends Section 220 of DGCL by narrowing what books and records of a corporation the stockholder is generally entitled to review after satisfying certain requirements. Specifically, the term “books and records,” as defined in Section 220 of DGCL, is now limited to certain organizational and financial documents of the corporation, including its annual financial statements for the preceding three years, board minutes, stockholder communication, and other formal corporate documents. Additionally, a stockholder’s demand must describe with “reasonable particularity” its purpose and requested books and records, and such books and records must be “specifically related” to the proper purpose.
In summary, Senate Bill 21’s amendments to DGCL give transactional planners and corporations additional clarity over cleansing conflicted transactions, who qualifies as a controlling stockholder, and the books and records a stockholder may access under Section 220.
SEC’s Approach to Artificial Intelligence Begins to Take Shape
On 27 March 2025, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) hosted a roundtable on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the financial industry that was designed to solicit feedback on the risks, benefits and governance of AI.
The roundtable served, in part, to “reset” the SEC’s approach to AI after the prior administration’s highly-criticized attempt to regulate the use of predictive data analytics by broker-dealers and investment advisers. Acting Chair Uyeda emphasized the importance of fostering a “commonsense and reasoned approach to AI and its use in financial markets and services.”
The Roundtable discussion focused on a few common themes:
The Commissioners as well as many panel participants emphasized the need to take a technology-neutral approach to regulation and to avoid placing unnecessary barriers on the use of innovative technology.
While generative AI presents tremendous opportunities, there are various risks, including around fraud, market manipulation, authentication, privacy and data security, and cybersecurity. Many of the benefits of generative AI (e.g., the ability to access and synthesize enormous amounts of data and to hyper-personalize content) also make it an effective tool for fraud.
Governance and risk management of AI is critical and there are different approaches to managing and mitigating risk, including through data management, sensitivity analysis, bias testing, and keeping a “human in the loop” to validate the output of generative AI models.
Any control structure should be risk-based and should take into consideration the type of AI and the specific use cases. In particular, advisers should consider the risks of employing “black box” algorithms, where it’s not always clear how inputs are weighed or outputs derived.
This is the first public engagement regarding AI under the current administration and although the SEC is taking a deliberative approach, Commissioners Uyeda’s and Peirce’s statements suggest that the SEC will act if it sees gaps in current regulation or the need for guidance in this area.
The SEC Votes to “End its Defense” of Climate Change Rules
As previously reported, SEC Asks Court to Put Climate Change Litigation on Hold, the SEC had asked the court to suspend litigation in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit challenging its new climate change disclosure rules. Last week, the Commission announced that it had voted to “end” its defense of the rules. It is unclear what its action will ultimately mean.
While it seems unlikely that the court will issue a ruling, it could simply dismiss the case once the Commission formally withdraws its rules. Once the new SEC Chairperson is confirmed, which should occur very shortly, he may in due course consider replacing the current climate change rules with a scaled-down version, or more detailed interpretive guidance for companies significantly impacted by climate change.
Climate disclosure rules in California remain on schedule, and other states such as New York are considering the adoption of similar rules, and of course the EU rules are also still on the books. Climate Reporting in 2025: Looking Ahead.
SEC’s Marketing Rule Updates May Provide Relief for Investment Managers
Go-To Guide
On March 19, 2025, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission issued new FAQs on “performance” under the Marketing Rule (Rule 206(4)-1) of the U.S. Investment Advisers Act.
Investment advisers can now present gross returns for individual investments if prescribed disclosure is included.
Certain investment characteristics (like Sharpe ratio, yield, and sector returns) can be presented on a gross basis alone.
Investment characteristics can be presented gross without net-of-fees measurements if clearly labeled and shown alongside total portfolio’s gross and net performance.
These changes allow more flexibility while maintaining transparency for investors.
Background
The SEC adopted the Marketing Rule in 2021 and in January 2023 adopted an FAQ requiring that gross performance of a private fund or subset of its investments be accompanied by the corresponding net-of-fees performance. Private fund managers in particular found it challenging to present a net-of-fees performance on individual investments because fees are typically charged at the fund level.
Updated Guidance
With the new FAQs, an adviser may display the performance of one investment or a group of investments (i.e., an “extracted performance” or an “extract”) on a gross-performance basis without including a corresponding “net” performance for the same time period if:
1.
the adviser makes it clear that the performance of the extract is gross performance;
2.
the extract is accompanied by a presentation by the adviser of the total portfolio’s gross and net performance;
3.
the gross and net performance of the total portfolio is presented with at least equal prominence to, and in a manner that facilitates comparison with, the extract; and
4.
The gross and net performance of the total portfolio is calculated over a period that includes the entire period for which the extract is calculated.
Put simply, the new guidance permits a return to common industry practice prior to the 2023 FAQ adoption.
Another challenge for investment advisers under the 2021 Marketing Rule has been handling so-called “investment characteristics,” such as yield, coupon rate, contribution to return, volatility, sector or geographic returns, attribution analysis, Sharpe ratio, the Sortino ratio, and so forth. Concern that these could be considered “performance” caused managers to attempt to create similar metrics net of fees and expenses. The new FAQs allow an adviser to present advertisements with one or more gross characteristics to demonstrate the performance of a portfolio or single investment, even if the characteristics do not include a corresponding net-of fees measurement, if:
1.
the gross characteristic is clearly identified as being calculated without the deduction of fees and expenses;
2.
the gross characteristic is accompanied by a presentation of the total portfolio’s gross and net performance;
3.
the gross and net performance of the total portfolio is presented with at least equal prominence to, and in a manner that facilitates comparison with, the gross characteristic; and
4.
the gross and net performance of the total portfolio is calculated over a period that includes the entire period for which the characteristic is calculated.
The other Marketing Rule FAQs remain unchanged by the March 19, 2025, action. This includes the FAQ explaining the staff’s view on calculating gross and net internal rate of return. These calculations must be done over the same time period and incorporate leverage, such as fund-level subscription facilities, in the same manner for both gross and net calculations.
Takeaways
The two new FAQs present investment advisers with flexibility and the ability to use gross performance in situations that were permitted prior to the 2023 marketing rule FAQ. Before using the new flexibility, however, investment advisers should review their marketing policies and procedures as well as their disclosure language to ensure the technical requirements of the new guidance are satisfied.